Four things you should know about the health impacts of wildfire smoke

Common signs of smoke exposure include watery or runny eyes, a sore throat, persistent coughing, wheezing and a sensation of chest tightness or discomfort.”

Bushra Mina, MD, chief of pulmonary critical care medicine at Northwell’s Northern Westchester Hospital, breaks down how wildfire smoke affects the body and how to stay safe.

1: What are the primary health concerns associated with wildfire smoke, and who is most vulnerable to its effects?

The primary health concerns from wildfire smoke stem from a combination of air pollution, fine particulate matter (specifically PM2.5) and various toxic gases. When inhaled, these microscopic particles can penetrate deep into the lungs and even enter the bloodstream. This can trigger inflammation and oxidative stress, leading to a range of issues.

While anyone can be affected, certain populations are far more vulnerable. This includes individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and emphysema, as well as those with heart disease, including heart failure. Young children, pregnant individuals and older adults are also at increased risk. For these groups, exposure can exacerbate existing conditions, leading to serious complications.

2: What practical steps can individuals take to protect themselves and their families when air quality is poor due to smoke?

The most effective step is to limit exposure. This means staying indoors as much as possible, keeping windows and doors tightly closed. If you have an HVAC system, set it to recirculate and use high-efficiency filters (MERV-13 or higher if your system can accommodate them) to help clean the indoor air. Air purifiers with HEPA filters can also be beneficial for indoor spaces.

When outdoor activity is unavoidable, wearing a high-quality mask, such as an N95 or KN95, can help filter out the fine particulate matter. Simple cloth masks offer very little protection against these tiny particles. It’s also crucial to avoid strenuous outdoor exercise, as this increases your respiration rate and the amount of pollutants you inhale. Pay attention to local air quality alerts and adjust your activities accordingly.

3: Are there specific symptoms people should watch out for, and when should someone consider seeking medical attention for smoke-related issues?

People should be vigilant for a range of symptoms, which can vary in severity. Common signs of smoke exposure include watery or runny eyes, a sore throat, persistent coughing, wheezing and a sensation of chest tightness or discomfort. Some individuals might also experience chest pain, fatigue or palpitations. The most concerning symptom is shortness of breath.

Anyone experiencing these symptoms, especially if they are severe, persistent or worsening, should consider seeking medical attention. If you have a pre-existing heart or lung condition and notice a significant change in your symptoms or difficulty managing them, do not hesitate to contact your doctor or visit an urgent care facility or emergency room.

4: Is there anything specific for parents of young children or caregivers of older adults to be aware of during this period?

For both young children and older adults, avoiding exposure is paramount. Their respiratory and cardiovascular systems can be more sensitive, and they may have less ability to cope with environmental stressors. Parents and caregivers should ensure these vulnerable individuals stay indoors in clean-air environments. Limit outdoor play for children, and for older adults, ensure their living spaces are well ventilated with clean, filtered air if possible.

It’s vital to monitor them closely for any changes in their health status. Children may not be able to articulate their symptoms clearly, so watch for increased fussiness, unusual lethargy, coughing or rapid breathing. For older adults, any new or worsening cough, difficulty breathing, increased confusion or changes in their usual activity levels warrant immediate medical evaluation. When in doubt, it’s always best to consult a health care professional.

Dr. Mina is also chairman of medicine and chief of the Pulmonary Embolism Response Team (PERT) at Northern Westchester Hospital. Article courtesy of Northwell Health